Natural History
Hedgehogs belong to the family Erinaceidae and are native to parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. There are 17 recognized species, but the most common pet species in the United States is the African pygmy hedgehog.
Habitat: Forests, grasslands, deserts, and suburban gardens
Activity: Nocturnal
Conservation status: Least Concern globally, though some wild populations are declining
Lifespan — Wild: 3–7 years; Captivity: up to 8–10 years with excellent care
Physical Description
Weight: Typically 300–600 grams for African pygmy hedgehogs
Length: 15–25 cm (6–10 inches)
Spines: Sharp but not barbed, used for defense
Underside: Soft furred belly
When threatened, hedgehogs curl into a tight ball, protecting their face and belly with spines.
Diet and Nutrition
Hedgehogs are insectivores and function metabolically more like carnivores (similar to cats) than rodents or rabbits.
- Primary diet: a high-quality commercial hedgehog diet, or a balanced insectivore-appropriate diet formulated for hedgehogs
- Protein sources: live insects (crickets, mealworms, dubia roaches, earthworms); occasional pinkie mice (as treats, not staples)
- Supplemental foods (small amounts): cooked lean meats; small amounts of beta-carotene-rich vegetables
- Avoid sugary foods and fruits
- Avoid dog food and low-protein diets
- Excess fat contributes to obesity and liver disease
- Fresh water must be available at all times
- Use a heavy ceramic bowl to prevent tipping
- Clean daily, as bedding often contaminates water
Housing and Environment
Hedgehogs need an adequate enclosure to keep them safe, happy, and healthy.
Enclosure
- Minimum size: 4 square feet (larger preferred)
- Types: Wire cages with solid bottoms, aquariums, or plastic enclosures
- Escape-proof is essential
Bedding
- Paper-based bedding, fleece, or recycled newspaper
- Do not use pine or cedar shavings (toxic aromatic oils)
Hiding and Enrichment
- Hedgehogs require secure hiding spaces
- Suitable options: PVC pipe tunnels (4–6 inch diameter); commercial hides
- Exercise wheel is essential — must have a solid running surface; wire wheels can cause severe foot injuries
Temperature and Lighting
Hedgehogs must be kept warm.
- Ideal temperature: 72–77°F (22–25°C)
- Temperatures below 68°F can trigger torpor or hibernation, which is dangerous in captivity
- Use thermostatically controlled heat sources as needed
Lighting
- Maintain a 12–14 hour day/night cycle
- Consistent lighting helps prevent seasonal hibernation behavior
Behavior and Normal Activities
Learn about your hedgehog’s unique behaviors so you can better identify abnormal ones:
- Nocturnal: Most active at night
- Solitary: Prefer living alone
- Defensive behaviors: Hissing, popping, curling into a ball
- Self-anointing: foaming at the mouth and spreading saliva on spines — normal behavior when exposed to new smells
Handling and Restraint
With regular gentle handling, many hedgehogs become accustomed to their owners. Keep in mind:
- Hedgehogs rely heavily on smell, not vision
- Avoid gloves when possible so your hedgehog learns your scent
- Scoop gently from both sides, supporting the body
- Never force a curled hedgehog open
Veterinary Visits
Keep these facts in mind if your hedgehog needs to visit the vet:
- Sedation or anesthesia is often required for full exams
- Fast for 4 hours prior to appointments in case anesthesia is needed
Hibernation and Torpor (Important!)
Pet hedgehogs should not hibernate.
Signs your hedgehog may be too cold:
- Not eating
- Staggering or “drunk” walking
- Lethargy
- Cold body temperature
Warm gradually and contact a veterinarian immediately if signs persist.
Common Medical Conditions
Hedgehogs can be afflicted by several conditions.
Skin Disease
Mites or fungal infections cause: flaky skin, quill loss, ragged ears
Obesity
Very common; caused by excess calories and lack of exercise
Dental Disease
Dropping food, weight loss, difficulty chewing
Gastrointestinal Disease
Diarrhea from diet changes, parasites, or infection
Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome
Progressive neurologic disease; causes loss of coordination and paralysis; no cure, supportive care only
Cancer
Extremely common in African pygmy hedgehogs; oral tumors and reproductive cancers are frequently seen
Preventive Care
Routine preventive care is important for your hedgehog’s health and longevity.
- Annual veterinary exams (minimum)
- Twice yearly parasite screening as recommended
- Nail trims as needed
- Occasional warm baths if soiled (no soaps unless directed)
Zoonotic Disease Risk
Hedgehogs can carry Salmonella and ringworm. Always wash hands after handling and keep hedgehogs away from food preparation areas.
Reproduction
Keep these reproductive facts about your hedgehog in mind to avoid issues:
- Hedgehogs can reach sexual maturity around 6–8 months
- Breeding is not recommended for pet owners
- Accidental breeding can result in serious health risks
When to Call the Veterinarian
Contact your veterinarian if you notice:
- Sudden weight loss
- Refusal to eat
- Weakness or wobbling
- Quill loss with skin irritation
- Lumps or swelling
- Difficulty breathing
- Changes in behavior or activity
Is a Hedgehog Right for You?
Hedgehogs can make rewarding companions for owners prepared to meet their specific environmental and medical needs. Routine veterinary care, proper temperature control, and a species-appropriate diet are the foundation of a healthy hedgehog.
References and Further Reading
- Chicago Exotics Animal Hospital – Hedgehog Care
- Lafeber Veterinary – European Hedgehog Care